Describes the epidemiology, clinical and pathological effects, carcinogenesis, nicotine effects and addiction, prevention, cessation, and policy research findings in the area of smokeless tobacco use. Evidence-based recommendations for smokeless tobacco control strategies are provided.
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Suggested Citation
National Cancer Institute. Smokeless Tobacco or Health: An International Perspective. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 2. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 92-3461, September 1992.
View Individual Chapters
Chapters and key topics covered within each chapter are listed below. Chapters generally include an introductory section, details on methodology, a chapter summary, research needs, and a reference list.
- Keynote Address (PDF, 64 KB)
- Foreword (PDF, 128 KB)
- Contents (PDF, 64 KB)
- Acknowledgments (PDF, 64 KB)
- Overview and Summary (PDF, 288 KB)
- Chapter 1. Epidemiology (PDF, 192 KB)
- The Smokeless Tobacco Problem: Risk Groups in North America
- Surveillance of and Knowledge About Cancer Associated With Smokeless Tobacco Use
- Smokeless Tobacco Use in India
- Smokeless Tobacco in Professional Baseball: Patterns of Players’ Use
- Chapter 2. Clinical and Pathological Effects (PDF, 448 KB)
- Oral Mucosal Lesions: Clinical Findings in Relation to Smokeless Tobacco Use Among U.S. Baseball Players
- Smokeless Tobacco Use in India: Effects on Oral Mucosa
- Smokeless Tobacco-Associated Epithelial And Langerhans Cell Changes
- The Use of Smokeless Tobacco in Sweden
- Periodontal Effects Associated With the Use of Smokeless Tobacco: Results After 1 Year
- Chapter 3. Carcinogenesis (PDF, 1.5 MB)
- Oral Carcinoma and Smokeless Tobacco Use: A Clinical Profile
- Chemical Composition of Smokeless Tobacco Products
- Carcinogenesis of Smokeless Tobacco
- Oncogenes in Head and Neck Cancer
- Chapter 4. Nicotine Effects and Addiction (PDF, 192 KB)
- Pharmacology of Smokeless Tobacco Use: Nicotine Addiction and Nicotine-Related Health Consequences
- Recent Advances in Understanding the Actions of Nicotine in the Central Nervous System
- Dependence on Smokeless Tobacco
- Chapter 5. Prevention (PDF, 160 KB)
- Marketing Smokeless Tobacco: Implications for Preventive Education
- Applying the Social Inoculation Model to a Smokeless Tobacco Use
- Prevention Program With Little Leaguers
- Chapter 6. Cessation (PDF, 160 KB)
- Enough Snuff: ST Cessation From the Behavioral, Clinical, and Public Health Perspectives
- Smokeless Tobacco Cessation and Nicotine Reduction Therapy
- Role of Dentists in Cessation Counseling: Survey Findings
- An Intervention Study of Tobacco Habits Among Rural Indian Villagers
- Chapter 7. Policy (PDF, 128 KB)
- WHO Strategies To Curb Smokeless Tobacco: A Global Perspective Legal and Administrative Strategies for Control and Prevention of the Use of Smokeless Tobacco
- National Cancer Institute's Role in Reducing Tobacco Use
- Chapter 8. Recommendations (PDF, 96 KB)
- Recommendations for the Control of Smokeless Tobacco