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Monograph 9 Cigars: Health Effects and Trends

  1. Behavioral Research Program
  2. Tobacco Control Research Branch (TCRB)
  3. Tobacco Control Monograph Series
  4. Monograph 9
Monograph 9 Cover

Discusses trends in cigar use in the United States and how marketing has influenced those trends. Topics related to cigar use and control, including disease consequences, indoor air pollution, pharmacology and abuse potential, regulation, and taxation, are also presented.

Suggested Citation

National Cancer Institute. Cigars: Health Effects and Trends. Tobacco Control Monograph No. 9. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Cancer Institute. NIH Pub. No. 98-4302, February 1998.

View Individual Chapters

Chapters and key topics covered within each chapter are listed below. Chapters generally include an introductory section, details on methodology, a chapter summary, research needs, and a reference list.

  • Preface (PDF, 96 KB )
  • Acknowledgments (PDF, 97 KB)
  • Chapter 1. Cigar Smoking: Overview and Current State of the Science (PDF, 585 KB)
    • Trends in Consumption
    • Disease Risks
    • Inhalation
    • Nicotine Addiction
    • Adult Use
    • Adolescent Use
    • Marketing
    • Environmental Tobacco Smoke
    • Regulation and Taxation
  • Chapter 2. Trends in Cigar Consumption and Smoking (PDF, 715 KB)
    • Discussion
    • Monitoring Recommendations
  • Chapter 3. Chemistry and Toxicology (PDF, 455 KB)
    • Historical Notes
    • The Cigar
    • Chemistry of Cigar Tobacco
    • Chemistry and Analysis of Mainstream Cigar Smoke
    • Sidestream Smoke and Environmental Tobacco Smoke
    • Toxicity and Carcinogenicity of Cigar Smoke
    • Biomarkers for the Uptake of Tobacco Smoke
    • Summary and Research Needs
  • Chapter 4. Disease Consequences of Cigar Smoking (PDF, 293 KB)
    • The CPS-I Study
    • All Cause Mortality
    • Cause Specific Mortality
    • Lung Cancer
    • Oral Cancer
    • Cancer of the Larynx
    • Cancer of the Esophagus
    • Bladder and Urinary System Cancers
    • Pancreatic Cancer
    • Coronary Heart Disease
    • Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
    • Cerebro-Vascular Disease
    • Aortic Aneurysm
  • Chapter 5. Indoor Air Pollution From Cigar Smoke (PDF, 553 KB)
    • Mathematical Models for Cigar ETS Concentrations
    • Cigar Emissions: Machine Smoking
    • Cigar Emissions: Human Smoking
    • Measurements at Cigar Smoking Socials
  • Chapter 6. Pharmacology and Abuse Potential of Cigars (PDF, 130 KB)
    • Early Observations of Addictive Effects
    • Nicotine Dosing Capability of Cigars
    • Inhalation of Cigar Smoke
    • Rate of Nicotine Absorption
    • Nicotine Dependence
    • Factors Influencing Nicotine Dependence
  • Chapter 7. Marketing and Promotion of Cigars (PDF, 423 KB)
    • Sales Patterns
    • Advertising
    • Promotion
    • Availability
  • Chapter 8. Policies Regulating Cigars (PDF, 98 KB)
    • Regulation of Cigar Products
    • Health Warnings
    • Disclosure of Cigar or Smoke Product Constituents
    • Advertising Restrictions
    • Regulation of Cigar Smoking in Public Places
    • Litigation
    • Restrictions on Youth Access to Cigars
    • Taxation